Mangarrayi
Mangarrayi-Maran family · Mangarrayi branch · Australia
Mangarrayi puts its words in object-verb-subject order (OVS), one of only 11 with that basic order among the 1,376 languages WALS codes for this feature.
On Position of Case Affixes, WALS codes Mangarrayi as “Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary”, a value held by 9 of the 1,031 languages coded, Swahili and Irish among them.
On Coding of Evidentiality, WALS codes Mangarrayi as “Modal morpheme”, a value held by 7 of the 418 languages coded, French and Finnish among them.
The closest grammar profile to Mangarrayi in the atlas belongs to Wardaman, a Yangmanic language: the two agree on 61 of the 84 features both have coded.
Contrast Mangarrayi with Wardaman or with any other language
Uncommon values
Values that fewer than one in ten of the coded languages share with Mangarrayi, rarest first.
- Asymmetrical Case-MarkingQualitatively asymmetrical case-marking7 of 261
- Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood InflectionTAM+polarity5 of 160
- Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard NegationA/NonReal and A/Cat11 of 297
- Order of Person Markers on the VerbBoth orders of A and P occur19 of 379
- Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate NegationNegative indefinites preclude predicate negation11 of 206
- Order of Numeral and NounBoth orders of numeral and noun with neither order dominant65 of 1,154
- Locus of Marking: Whole-language TypologyConsistently double-marking16 of 236
- Order of Genitive and NounBoth orders occur with neither order dominant96 of 1,249
Closest profiles
Languages that share the most coded values with Mangarrayi; the count is out of the features both languages are coded for.
The rest of the profile
WALS codes Mangarrayi for 122 of the 144 profile features used on this site. The remaining 111 are listed here, grouped by topic; within each group the value Mangarrayi shares with the fewest languages comes first.
Sounds 19
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Absence of Common Consonants | No fricatives | 48 of 567 |
| Consonant Inventories | Moderately small | 122 of 563 |
| Fixed Stress Locations | Penultimate | 110 of 502 |
| Syllable Structure | Complex syllable structure | 151 of 486 |
| The Velar Nasal | Velar nasal, also initially | 147 of 469 |
| Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | No voicing contrast | 182 of 567 |
| Consonant-Vowel Ratio | Average | 234 of 564 |
| Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | Other | 242 of 567 |
| Rhythm Types | Trochaic: left-hand syllable in the foot is strong | 153 of 323 |
| Vowel Quality Inventories | Average vowel inventory (5-6) | 287 of 564 |
| Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems | No weight, or weight factor unknown | 261 of 500 |
| Weight-Sensitive Stress | Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) | 281 of 500 |
| Tone | No tones | 307 of 527 |
| Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | 388 of 567 |
| Glottalized Consonants | No glottalized consonants | 409 of 567 |
| Vowel Nasalization | Contrastive nasal vowels absent | 180 of 244 |
| Presence of Uncommon Consonants | None | 449 of 567 |
| Uvular Consonants | No uvulars | 470 of 567 |
| Front Rounded Vowels | None | 525 of 562 |
Word structure 10
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Case Syncretism | Inflectional case marking is syncretic for core cases only | 18 of 198 |
| Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | Possessor is double-marked | 22 of 236 |
| Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing | 147 of 969 |
| Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb | 6-7 categories per word | 31 of 145 |
| Locus of Marking in the Clause | P is double-marked | 58 of 236 |
| Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking | Subject person/number marking is never syncretic | 81 of 198 |
| Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Monoexponential case | 71 of 162 |
| Reduplication | Productive full and partial reduplication | 278 of 368 |
| Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | Exclusively concatenative | 125 of 165 |
| Zero Marking of A and P Arguments | Non-zero marking | 219 of 235 |
Nouns and pronouns 19
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | Person-number stem with a nominal plural affix | 22 of 261 |
| Number of Cases | 8-9 case categories | 23 of 261 |
| Number of Genders | Three | 26 of 257 |
| Ordinal Numerals | Zero: Ordinal numerals do not exist | 33 of 321 |
| Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection | Inclusive and exclusive differentiated | 30 of 200 |
| Person Marking on Adpositions | No adpositions | 63 of 378 |
| The Associative Plural | Special bound associative plural marker | 48 of 236 |
| Systems of Gender Assignment | Semantic assignment | 53 of 257 |
| Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives | Related for all demonstratives | 52 of 225 |
| Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | Inclusive and exclusive differentiated | 63 of 200 |
| Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex-based gender system | 84 of 257 |
| Definite Articles | Definite word distinct from demonstrative | 216 of 620 |
| Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes | Possessive suffixes | 355 of 902 |
| Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | 513 of 1,066 |
| Indefinite Pronouns | Interrogative-based indefinites | 194 of 326 |
| Numeral Classifiers | Numeral classifiers are absent | 260 of 400 |
| Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns | Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction | 136 of 207 |
| Comitatives and Instrumentals | Differentiation | 213 of 322 |
| Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | No gender distinctions | 254 of 378 |
Noun phrases 6
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Action Nominal Constructions | No action nominals | 42 of 168 |
| Possessive Classification | Two classes | 94 of 243 |
| Nominal and Verbal Conjunction | Nominal and verbal conjunction are different | 125 of 301 |
| Noun Phrase Conjunction | AND-languages: 'and' and 'with' are not identical | 131 of 234 |
| Obligatory Possessive Inflection | No obligatorily possessed nouns | 201 of 244 |
| Number of Possessive Nouns | None reported | 233 of 243 |
Verbs: tense, mood, evidence 16
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Combination of tense-aspect strategies with none primary | 146 of 1,131 |
| Situational Possibility | Affixes on verbs | 63 of 234 |
| Epistemic Possibility | Affixes on verbs | 84 of 240 |
| The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + special negative | 182 of 496 |
| Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality | Only indirect evidentials | 166 of 418 |
| The Past Tense | Past/non-past distinction marked; no remoteness distinction | 94 of 222 |
| The Future Tense | No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction | 112 of 222 |
| Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking | No overlap | 105 of 207 |
| The Perfect | No perfect | 114 of 222 |
| The Morphological Imperative | Second singular and second plural | 292 of 548 |
| Imperative-Hortative Systems | The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system | 201 of 375 |
| Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | No grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction | 121 of 222 |
| Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect | No suppletion in tense or aspect | 123 of 193 |
| Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives | None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) | 153 of 193 |
| Verbal Number and Suppletion | No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples | 159 of 193 |
| The Optative | Inflectional optative absent | 271 of 319 |
Word order 9
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Position of Polar Question Particles | Question particle at end of sentence | 314 of 884 |
| Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Prepositions | 511 of 1,184 |
| Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative word precedes noun (DemN) | 542 of 1,225 |
| Order of Object and Verb | Object precedes verb (OV) | 712 of 1,518 |
| Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause | Initial subordinator word | 398 of 659 |
| Order of Adjective and Noun | Modifying adjective follows noun (NAdj) | 879 of 1,367 |
| Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Interrogative phrases not obligatorily initial | 615 of 902 |
| Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative clause follows noun (NRel) | 579 of 824 |
| Order of Subject and Verb | Subject precedes verb (SV) | 1,192 of 1,496 |
Simple clauses 21
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions | Both morphological type and compound type | 24 of 310 |
| Antipassive Constructions | Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit | 18 of 194 |
| Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking | Zero realization of all third person singular S forms | 45 of 380 |
| Comparative Constructions | Conjoined Comparative | 34 of 167 |
| Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' | Double-object construction | 84 of 378 |
| Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases | Nominative - accusative (standard) | 46 of 190 |
| Predicative Possession | Conjunctional Possessive | 59 of 240 |
| Reciprocal Constructions | Identical to reflexive | 44 of 175 |
| Predicative Adjectives | Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding | 103 of 386 |
| Nominal and Locational Predication | Identical | 117 of 386 |
| Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns | Nominative - accusative (standard) | 61 of 172 |
| Negative Morphemes | Negative particle | 502 of 1,157 |
| Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation | Symmetric and asymmetric standard negation: Type SymAsy | 130 of 297 |
| Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals | Zero copula is possible | 175 of 386 |
| Verbal Person Marking | Person marking of both the A and P arguments | 193 of 378 |
| Applicative Constructions | No applicative construction | 100 of 183 |
| Other Roles of Applied Objects | No applicative construction | 100 of 183 |
| Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative alignment | 212 of 380 |
| Passive Constructions | There is no passive construction | 211 of 373 |
| Polar Questions | Question particle | 585 of 955 |
| Expression of Pronominal Subjects | Pronominal subjects are expressed by affixes on verbs | 437 of 711 |
Complex sentences 4
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| 'When' Clauses | Balanced/deranked | 39 of 174 |
| Reason Clauses | Balanced | 90 of 169 |
| Purpose Clauses | Deranked | 102 of 170 |
| Utterance Complement Clauses | Balanced | 114 of 143 |
Vocabulary 7
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Numeral Bases | Restricted | 20 of 196 |
| Hand and Arm | Different | 389 of 617 |
| M in Second Person Singular | No m in second person singular | 152 of 230 |
| M in First Person Singular | No m in first person singular | 177 of 230 |
| N-M Pronouns | No N-M pronouns | 194 of 230 |
| M-T Pronouns | No M-T pronouns | 200 of 230 |
| Finger and Hand | Different | 521 of 593 |