Acoma

Keresan family · North America

WALS records no dominant basic order of subject, object and verb for Acoma, a group that holds 189 of the 1,376 languages it codes for this feature.

On Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns, WALS codes Acoma as “No independent subject pronouns”, a value held by 2 of the 261 languages coded, the other being Wari'.

On Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns, WALS codes Acoma as “No grammaticalised marking at all”, a value held by 2 of the 200 languages coded, the other being Pirahã.

The closest grammar profile to Acoma in the atlas belongs to Karok, a Hokan language: the two agree on 54 of the 87 features both have coded.

The order Acoma uses in 7 pairings of a head word and its dependent. Bars: how all languages coded for each pairing split, before or after.

Contrast Acoma with Karok or with any other language

Uncommon values

Values that fewer than one in ten of the coded languages share with Acoma, rarest first.

Suppletion in Imperatives and HortativesHortative2 of 193
Glottalized ConsonantsEjectives and glottalized resonants20 of 567
Order of Person Markers on the VerbA and P are fused20 of 379
Order of Numeral and NounBoth orders of numeral and noun with neither order dominant65 of 1,154
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection'We' and 'I' identical12 of 200
Order of Object and VerbBoth orders with neither order dominant101 of 1,518
Alignment of Verbal Person MarkingActive alignment26 of 380
Presence of Uncommon Consonants'Th' sounds40 of 567

Closest profiles

Languages that share the most coded values with Acoma; the count is out of the features both languages are coded for.

Cree (Plains) Algic53 of 87
Apurinã Arawakan55 of 94
Ainu family of its own55 of 96
Daga Trans-New Guinea48 of 86

The rest of the profile

WALS codes Acoma for 104 of the 144 profile features used on this site. The remaining 93 are listed here, grouped by topic; within each group the value Acoma shares with the fewest languages comes first.

Sounds 13

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Consonant Inventories	Large	57 of 563
Consonant-Vowel Ratio	High	69 of 564
Tone	Complex tone system	88 of 527
Lateral Consonants	No laterals	95 of 567
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives	No voicing contrast	182 of 567
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems	Other	242 of 567
The Velar Nasal	No velar nasal	235 of 469
Vowel Quality Inventories	Average vowel inventory (5-6)	287 of 564
Syllable Structure	Moderately complex syllable structure	274 of 486
Vowel Nasalization	Contrastive nasal vowels absent	180 of 244
Uvular Consonants	No uvulars	470 of 567
Absence of Common Consonants	All present	503 of 567
Front Rounded Vowels	None	525 of 562

Word structure 11

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection	TAM+agreement	19 of 160
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology	Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing	147 of 969
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology	Consistently head-marking	47 of 236
Locus of Marking in the Clause	P is head-marked	71 of 236
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases	Possessor is head-marked	78 of 236
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb	4-5 categories per word	52 of 145
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking	Subject person/number marking is never syncretic	81 of 198
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives	No case	75 of 162
Case Syncretism	Inflectional case marking is absent or minimal	123 of 198
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives	Exclusively concatenative	125 of 165
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments	Non-zero marking	219 of 235

Nouns and pronouns 19

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
The Associative Plural	Associative plural absent	37 of 236
Ordinal Numerals	First/one-th, two-th, three-th	54 of 321
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality	Plural in all nouns, always optional	55 of 291
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes	Possessive prefixes	255 of 902
Asymmetrical Case-Marking	No morphological case-marking	81 of 261
Definite Articles	Neither definite nor indefinite article	198 of 620
Indefinite Articles	Neither indefinite nor definite	198 of 534
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives	Three-way contrast	88 of 234
Number of Cases	No morphological case-marking	100 of 261
Coding of Nominal Plurality	Plural suffix	513 of 1,066
Person Marking on Adpositions	Adpositions without person marking	209 of 378
Number of Genders	None	145 of 257
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems	No gender system	145 of 257
Systems of Gender Assignment	No gender system	145 of 257
Indefinite Pronouns	Interrogative-based indefinites	194 of 326
Numeral Classifiers	Numeral classifiers are absent	260 of 400
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns	Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction	136 of 207
Comitatives and Instrumentals	Differentiation	213 of 322
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives	Same forms	143 of 201

Noun phrases 4

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Obligatory Possessive Inflection	Obligatorily possessed nouns exist	43 of 244
Possessive Classification	No possessive classification	125 of 243
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction	Nominal and verbal conjunction are largely identical	161 of 301
Number of Possessive Nouns	None reported	233 of 243

Verbs: tense, mood, evidence 16

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality	Both direct and indirect evidentials	71 of 418
Situational Possibility	Affixes on verbs	63 of 234
Coding of Evidentiality	Verbal affix or clitic	131 of 418
Epistemic Possibility	Affixes on verbs	84 of 240
The Prohibitive	Normal imperative + special negative	182 of 496
The Past Tense	No grammatical marking of past/non-past distinction	88 of 222
The Future Tense	No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction	112 of 222
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking	No overlap	105 of 207
The Perfect	No perfect	114 of 222
The Morphological Imperative	Second singular and second plural	292 of 548
Imperative-Hortative Systems	The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system	201 of 375
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect	No grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction	121 of 222
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes	Tense-aspect suffixes	667 of 1,131
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect	No suppletion in tense or aspect	123 of 193
Verbal Number and Suppletion	No singular-(dual)-plural pairs/triples	159 of 193
The Optative	Inflectional optative absent	271 of 319

Word order 7

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Order of Adjective and Noun	No dominant order	110 of 1,367
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb	More than one order with none dominant	167 of 500
Order of Demonstrative and Noun	Demonstrative word precedes noun (DemN)	542 of 1,225
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	Postpositions	577 of 1,184
Order of Genitive and Noun	Genitive-noun (GenN)	685 of 1,249
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause	Initial subordinator word	398 of 659
Order of Subject and Verb	Subject precedes verb (SV)	1,192 of 1,496

Simple clauses 14

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Antipassive Constructions	Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit	18 of 194
Other Roles of Applied Objects	No other roles (= Only benefactive)	36 of 183
Applicative Constructions	Benefactive and other; both bases	49 of 183
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation	In other grammatical categories: Subtype A/Cat	82 of 297
Predicative Adjectives	Predicative adjectives have verbal encoding	151 of 386
Negative Morphemes	Negative particle	502 of 1,157
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation	Symmetric and asymmetric standard negation: Type SymAsy	130 of 297
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking	No zero realization of third person S forms	181 of 380
Verbal Person Marking	Person marking of both the A and P arguments	193 of 378
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases	Neutral	98 of 190
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals	Zero copula is impossible	211 of 386
Passive Constructions	There is no passive construction	211 of 373
Expression of Pronominal Subjects	Pronominal subjects are expressed by affixes on verbs	437 of 711
Nominal and Locational Predication	Different	269 of 386

Complex sentences 4

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Relativization on Subjects	Relative pronoun	12 of 166
Relativization on Obliques	Relative Pronoun Strategy	13 of 112
'When' Clauses	Balanced	84 of 174
Utterance Complement Clauses	Balanced	114 of 143

Vocabulary 5

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Numeral Bases	Decimal	125 of 196
M in Second Person Singular	No m in second person singular	152 of 230
M in First Person Singular	No m in first person singular	177 of 230
N-M Pronouns	No N-M pronouns	194 of 230
M-T Pronouns	No M-T pronouns	200 of 230