Imonda

Border family · Papunesia

On Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns, WALS codes Imonda as “Active - inactive”, a value held by 3 of the 172 languages coded, the others being Basque and Drehu.

On Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases, WALS codes Imonda as “Active - inactive”, a value held by 4 of the 190 languages coded, Georgian and Basque among them.

The closest grammar profile to Imonda in the atlas belongs to Qawasqar, an Alacalufan language: the two agree on 31 of the 44 features both have coded.

The order Imonda uses in 9 pairings of a head word and its dependent. Bars: how all languages coded for each pairing split, before or after.

Contrast Imonda with Qawasqar or with any other language

Uncommon values

Values that fewer than one in ten of the coded languages share with Imonda, rarest first.

Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent PronounsOnly inclusive differentiated5 of 200
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard NegationIn finiteness and reality status: Subtypes A/Fin and A/NonReal9 of 297
Plurality in Independent Personal PronounsNumber-indifferent pronouns9 of 261
Number of Cases5 case categories12 of 261
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb10-11 categories per word7 of 145
Order of Demonstrative and NounTwo or more of above types with none dominant67 of 1,225
Verbal Number and SuppletionSingular-plural pairs, no suppletion12 of 193
Locus of Marking: Whole-language TypologyConsistently double-marking16 of 236

Closest profiles

Languages that share the most coded values with Imonda; the count is out of the features both languages are coded for.

Awtuw Sepik28 of 42
Yidiny Pama-Nyungan51 of 83
Sentani Sentanic42 of 68
Tauya Trans-New Guinea33 of 52

The rest of the profile

WALS codes Imonda for 115 of the 144 profile features used on this site. The remaining 105 are listed here, grouped by topic; within each group the value Imonda shares with the fewest languages comes first.

Sounds 15

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Consonant-Vowel Ratio	Low	58 of 564
Consonant Inventories	Small	89 of 563
Syllable Structure	Complex syllable structure	151 of 486
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives	No voicing contrast	182 of 567
Vowel Quality Inventories	Large vowel inventory (7-14)	184 of 564
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems	Other	242 of 567
The Velar Nasal	No velar nasal	235 of 469
Tone	No tones	307 of 527
Lateral Consonants	/l/, no obstruent laterals	388 of 567
Glottalized Consonants	No glottalized consonants	409 of 567
Vowel Nasalization	Contrastive nasal vowels absent	180 of 244
Presence of Uncommon Consonants	None	449 of 567
Uvular Consonants	No uvulars	470 of 567
Absence of Common Consonants	All present	503 of 567
Front Rounded Vowels	None	525 of 562

Word structure 8

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases	Possessor is double-marked	22 of 236
Case Syncretism	Inflectional case marking is never syncretic	35 of 198
Locus of Marking in the Clause	P is double-marked	58 of 236
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking	No subject person/number marking	57 of 198
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives	Monoexponential case	71 of 162
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives	Exclusively concatenative	125 of 165
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection	monoexponential TAM	127 of 160
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments	Non-zero marking	219 of 235

Nouns and pronouns 23

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Coding of Nominal Plurality	No plural	98 of 1,066
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality	No nominal plural	28 of 291
Ordinal Numerals	Zero: Ordinal numerals do not exist	33 of 321
Position of Case Affixes	Postpositional clitics	123 of 1,031
Distributive Numerals	No distributive numerals	62 of 251
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers	Formally similar, not involving interrogative expression	33 of 116
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes	No possessive affixes	260 of 902
Asymmetrical Case-Marking	Symmetrical case-marking	79 of 261
Definite Articles	Neither definite nor indefinite article	198 of 620
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection	No person marking at all	70 of 200
Indefinite Articles	Neither indefinite nor definite	198 of 534
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives	Unrelated	100 of 225
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives	Two-way contrast	126 of 234
Person Marking on Adpositions	Adpositions without person marking	209 of 378
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns	Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally identical	94 of 168
Number of Genders	None	145 of 257
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems	No gender system	145 of 257
Systems of Gender Assignment	No gender system	145 of 257
Numeral Classifiers	Numeral classifiers are absent	260 of 400
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns	Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction	136 of 207
Comitatives and Instrumentals	Differentiation	213 of 322
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns	No gender distinctions	254 of 378
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives	Same forms	143 of 201

Noun phrases 7

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Adjectives without Nouns	Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix	13 of 124
Action Nominal Constructions	No action nominals	42 of 168
Possessive Classification	Two classes	94 of 243
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction	Nominal and verbal conjunction are different	125 of 301
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses	Highly differentiated	77 of 138
Obligatory Possessive Inflection	No obligatorily possessed nouns	201 of 244
Number of Possessive Nouns	None reported	233 of 243

Verbs: tense, mood, evidence 16

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
The Morphological Imperative	Second person number-neutral	89 of 548
Situational Possibility	Affixes on verbs	63 of 234
The Prohibitive	Special imperative + special negative	146 of 496
Epistemic Possibility	Affixes on verbs	84 of 240
The Perfect	Other perfect	80 of 222
The Past Tense	Past/non-past distinction marked; no remoteness distinction	94 of 222
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality	No grammatical evidentials	181 of 418
Coding of Evidentiality	No grammatical evidentials	181 of 418
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect	Grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction	101 of 222
The Future Tense	Inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction	110 of 222
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking	No overlap	105 of 207
Imperative-Hortative Systems	The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system	201 of 375
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes	Tense-aspect suffixes	667 of 1,131
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect	No suppletion in tense or aspect	123 of 193
Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives	None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)	153 of 193
The Optative	Inflectional optative absent	271 of 319

Word order 8

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Order of Relative Clause and Noun	Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant	64 of 824
Order of Degree Word and Adjective	Both orders occur with neither order dominant	62 of 481
Order of Object and Verb	Object precedes verb (OV)	712 of 1,518
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	Postpositions	577 of 1,184
Order of Numeral and Noun	Numeral follows noun (NNum)	608 of 1,154
Order of Genitive and Noun	Genitive-noun (GenN)	685 of 1,249
Order of Adjective and Noun	Modifying adjective follows noun (NAdj)	879 of 1,367
Order of Subject and Verb	Subject precedes verb (SV)	1,192 of 1,496

Simple clauses 18

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Expression of Pronominal Subjects	Optional pronouns in subject position	61 of 711
Other Roles of Applied Objects	No other roles (= Only benefactive)	36 of 183
Verbal Person Marking	No person marking of any argument	82 of 378
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking	Neutral alignment (no verbal person marking)	84 of 380
Reciprocal Constructions	Identical to reflexive	44 of 175
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking	No person marking of the S	96 of 380
Applicative Constructions	Benefactive and other; both bases	49 of 183
Predicative Adjectives	Predicative adjectives have nonverbal encoding	132 of 386
Negative Morphemes	Negative particle	502 of 1,157
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation	Symmetric and asymmetric standard negation: Type SymAsy	130 of 297
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals	Zero copula is possible	175 of 386
Order of Person Markers on the Verb	A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb	187 of 379
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'	Indirect-object construction	189 of 378
Passive Constructions	There is no passive construction	211 of 373
Polar Questions	Question particle	585 of 955
Nominal and Locational Predication	Different	269 of 386
Antipassive Constructions	No antipassive	146 of 194
Productivity of the Antipassive Construction	no antipassive	146 of 186

Complex sentences 5

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
'When' Clauses	Balanced	84 of 174
Relativization on Obliques	Gap Strategy	55 of 112
'Want' Complement Subjects	The complement subject is left implicit	144 of 283
Reason Clauses	Balanced	90 of 169
Relativization on Subjects	Gap	125 of 166

Vocabulary 5

Feature	Value	Languages sharing it
Numeral Bases	Restricted	20 of 196
M in Second Person Singular	No m in second person singular	152 of 230
M in First Person Singular	No m in first person singular	177 of 230
N-M Pronouns	No N-M pronouns	194 of 230
M-T Pronouns	No M-T pronouns	200 of 230