Ijo (Kolokuma)
Ijoid family · Africa
Ijo (Kolokuma) is an SOV language, like 564 of the 1,376 languages WALS codes for basic word order.
On Negative Morphemes, WALS codes Ijo (Kolokuma) as “Variation between negative word and affix”, a value held by 21 of the 1,157 languages coded, Lavukaleve and Armenian (Eastern) among them.
On Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology, WALS codes Ijo (Kolokuma) as “Consistently zero-marking”, a value held by 6 of the 236 languages coded, Indonesian and Vietnamese among them.
The closest grammar profile to Ijo (Kolokuma) in the atlas belongs to Khalkha, an Altaic language: the two agree on 30 of the 54 features both have coded.
Contrast Ijo (Kolokuma) with Khalkha or with any other language
Uncommon values
Values that fewer than one in ten of the coded languages share with Ijo (Kolokuma), rarest first.
- Indefinite ArticlesIndefinite affix on noun24 of 534
- Imperative-Hortative SystemsThe language has a minimal system, but not a maximal one20 of 375
- Verbal Person MarkingPerson marking of only the P argument24 of 378
- Zero Marking of A and P ArgumentsZero-marking16 of 235
- Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard NegationA/Fin and A/Cat21 of 297
- The Morphological ImperativeSecond singular43 of 548
- Presence of Uncommon ConsonantsLabial-velars45 of 567
Closest profiles
Languages that share the most coded values with Ijo (Kolokuma); the count is out of the features both languages are coded for.
The rest of the profile
WALS codes Ijo (Kolokuma) for 56 of the 144 profile features used on this site. The remaining 46 are listed here, grouped by topic; within each group the value Ijo (Kolokuma) shares with the fewest languages comes first.
Sounds 12
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Syllable Structure | Simple syllable structure | 61 of 486 |
| Consonant-Vowel Ratio | Moderately low | 101 of 564 |
| Tone | Simple tone system | 132 of 527 |
| Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | Voicing contrast in both plosives and fricatives | 158 of 567 |
| Vowel Quality Inventories | Large vowel inventory (7-14) | 184 of 564 |
| Consonant Inventories | Average | 201 of 563 |
| Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | /p t k b d g/ | 255 of 567 |
| Lateral Consonants | /l/, no obstruent laterals | 388 of 567 |
| Glottalized Consonants | No glottalized consonants | 409 of 567 |
| Uvular Consonants | No uvulars | 470 of 567 |
| Absence of Common Consonants | All present | 503 of 567 |
| Front Rounded Vowels | None | 525 of 562 |
Word structure 3
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Moderate preference for suffixing | 123 of 969 |
| Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | Possessor has no marking | 32 of 236 |
| Locus of Marking in the Clause | P has no marking | 42 of 236 |
Nouns and pronouns 6
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Definite Articles | Definite affix on noun | 92 of 620 |
| Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | Gender distinctions in 3rd person singular only | 61 of 378 |
| Person Marking on Adpositions | Person marking for pronouns only | 83 of 378 |
| Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes | Possessive prefixes | 255 of 902 |
| Position of Case Affixes | Case suffixes | 452 of 1,031 |
| Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | 513 of 1,066 |
Noun phrases 3
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Possessive Classification | Two classes | 94 of 243 |
| Obligatory Possessive Inflection | No obligatorily possessed nouns | 201 of 244 |
| Number of Possessive Nouns | None reported | 233 of 243 |
Verbs: tense, mood, evidence 3
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + special negative | 182 of 496 |
| Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | Tense-aspect suffixes | 667 of 1,131 |
| The Optative | Inflectional optative absent | 271 of 319 |
Word order 10
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause | More than one type of adverbial subordinators with none dominant | 93 of 659 |
| Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Relative clause precedes noun (RelN) | 141 of 824 |
| Order of Adjective and Noun | Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN) | 373 of 1,367 |
| Position of Polar Question Particles | No question particle | 355 of 884 |
| Order of Numeral and Noun | Numeral precedes noun (NumN) | 479 of 1,154 |
| Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Demonstrative word precedes noun (DemN) | 542 of 1,225 |
| Order of Object and Verb | Object precedes verb (OV) | 712 of 1,518 |
| Order of Genitive and Noun | Genitive-noun (GenN) | 685 of 1,249 |
| Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Interrogative phrases not obligatorily initial | 615 of 902 |
| Order of Subject and Verb | Subject precedes verb (SV) | 1,192 of 1,496 |
Simple clauses 6
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Polar Questions | Interrogative verb morphology | 164 of 955 |
| Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking | No person marking of the S | 96 of 380 |
| Passive Constructions | There is a passive construction | 162 of 373 |
| Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation | Symmetric and asymmetric standard negation: Type SymAsy | 130 of 297 |
| Order of Person Markers on the Verb | A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb | 187 of 379 |
| Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative alignment | 212 of 380 |
Complex sentences 3
| Feature | Value | Languages sharing it |
|---|---|---|
| Reason Clauses | Deranked | 42 of 169 |
| 'When' Clauses | Deranked | 51 of 174 |
| Purpose Clauses | Deranked | 102 of 170 |